What is an ultrasonic transducer?

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An ultrasonic transducer is a device that turns electrical energy into sound waves with a frequency above 20 kHz and also turns such sound waves back into electrical energy. It usually contains piezoelectric material - quartz or a ceramic - that moves when voltage is applied. The unit works as both a sender that produces short bursts of ultrasound and as a listener that picks up echoes that bounce back from an object or from material. During use, an electrical signal forces the piezoelectric element to move - the movement creates mechanical waves that travel through air, water or a solid. When the waves return as echoes, the element turns the mechanical vibration into an electrical signal that can be examined. The most common kind of transducer is the piezoelectric version. Other designs use capacitive or magnetostrictive principles. Many units work between 20 kHz plus 200 kHz because that range gives good accuracy. The devices are used in many areas - in non destructive testing they find cracks inside metal. In medicine they form the pictures seen in an ultrasound scan. Robots use them to measure distance. Cleaning baths use the tiny bubbles produced by ultrasound to scrub parts. Industry also uses them to watch flow or level in pipes and tanks. Because the waves travel without touching the target, the measurement does not mar the surface and the color or clarity of the object does not alter the result. Ice or very high or low temperatures, however, can lower accuracy.

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