What is the principle of ultrasound transducer?

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An ultrasonic transducer works because of the piezoelectric effect. When an alternating voltage is applied to materials like quartz, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) or certain ceramics, the material changes shape and emits sound at frequencies above 20 kHz, which is called ultrasound. When ultrasound returns plus strikes the same material, the material vibrates and produces a small voltage - the device uses that voltage to detect the returning sound.  A short electric pulse is sent to the piezoelectric element - the element vibrates but also the vibration travels outward as an ultrasonic wave through whatever surrounds it - air, water or a solid. Thin layers bonded to the front of the element match the acoustic impedance between the element and the medium so that less energy is lost. When the wave meets a boundary or an object, part of it bounces back as an echo. The echo reaches the element, the element generates a voltage as well as the voltage is processed. The time between the outgoing pulse and the returning echo is measured - distance is found from D = &#xBD; &#xD7; t &#xD7; c, where c is the speed of sound in the medium. The same method locates internal flaws or measures material properties. A damping layer attached to the rear face of the element stops the element from ringing after the pulse ends - the pulse remains short. A backing block behind the element absorbs any leftover vibration. Because the device converts electricity to sound and sound back to electricity, it can sense position or structure without touching the target. It is used in non destructive testing, medical imaging also distance measurement.

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