How does an ultrasonic transducer work?

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An ultrasonic transducer relies on the piezoelectric effect. When an electrical signal is fed to a piezoelectric crystal like PZT, the crystal vibrates fast and emits ultrasonic waves at frequencies above 20 kHz. The waves travel through a medium, bounce off objects or boundaries plus return as echoes. When those echoes hit the crystal, they deform it and the crystal answers with short electrical pulses that the system reads. A pulser supplies the initial burst that sets the transducer in motion. The distance to the target is found from the time the pulse needs to go out but also come back - D = &#xBD; &#xD7; t &#xD7; c, where c equals the speed of sound in the medium. A damping backing stops the crystal from ringing after each pulse - the next pulse remains sharp. One or more matching layers are bonded to the crystal face - their acoustic impedance is chosen to let the largest possible part of the wave energy leave the transducer and enter the test piece. Because the device both launches as well as receives ultrasound without touching the target, it suits non contact distance measurement, non destructive testing and imaging.

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